IoT ????????? Sensor ???????????? ??????? ?????? Sensor ?????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????

?????????????????????, ????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? The Hindi Study ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? Sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) in Hindi (IoT ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????) ?????? ???????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????

????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? The Hindi Study ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? ??????????????? ????????? Sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) in Hindi (IoT ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????) ?????? ???????????? ????????????

What are Sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) in Hindi - IoT ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????

?????? ????????? ??????, IoT devices ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? Sensors ?????? ??????????????? ????????? - ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? - ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? Sensors ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? special measurement ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? IoT ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????

Physical parameter ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? -: mechanical, electrical, ?????? optical ????????????

??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? physical quantity ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????????

Sensors ??????????????? signals ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? -: characteristics ????????? ????????????????????????, capacitance, impedance ????????? ????????????????????????, resistance, ????????????

Transducer

  • Devices ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? Transducer ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????
  • Transducer ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????????? (actuator) ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????
iot-hardware
Internet of Things (IoT) Hardware

Characteristics of Sensors in Hindi - ??????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????

Sensors ?????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????:

  • Static
  • Dynamic

Static characteristics

Static characteristics ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????

Sensitivity:

???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? input parameters ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????????? (response) ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? response ?????? measure ?????? ??????????????? ?????? output characteristics curve ?????? "slope" ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? sensitivity ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????

Range:

Range ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? lowest ?????? highest value ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????

Example: ?????? Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) temperature ?????? -200??C ?????? ???????????? 800??C ?????? measure ?????? ???????????? ????????? 

Accuracy:

Static characteristics ????????? Accuracy ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? measuring instruments ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? (close) ???????????? ????????? ?????? absolute ?????? relative errors ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? instruments ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? (measure) ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????

????????? ?????? Accuracy ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????, higher standard ?????? ????????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? Accuracy Sensor ????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? measured value ?????? true value ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, measured value ?????? true value ?????? ratio ?????? ????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????

Drift:

Drift ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? specific reading ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????

Repeatability:

Repeatability ?????? ??????????????? Static characteristics ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? measurements ?????? sequence ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? same conditions ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? Repeatability ????????? Measurements ?????? ????????? ?????? duration ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? long-term drift ?????? ?????? impact ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????

Resolution:

Resolution sensor ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? specification ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? resolution ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? precision ????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? measurement error zero ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? threshold ????????? ???????????? ?????????

Linearity:

?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? sensor ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? Linearity ????????? ???????????? ????????? calibration curve ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? Linearity ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? output amplitude ?????? input amplitude ?????? ????????? static conditions ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? Curve ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? sensor ?????? Linearity ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????

Precision:

?????? measuring instrument ?????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? - ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? same conditions ????????? measure ????????? ?????? ???????????? same reading ??????, ?????? ????????? precision ???????????? ????????? Precision ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? measurement ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? measurement ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? value true ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? measurement ?????? ????????? ?????? Variation ?????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ????????? Precision ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????

Dynamic Characteristics

  • Zero-order system: ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? energy store ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? Example: linear, potentiometer measure ?????? rotary displacements.
  • First-order system: ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? - ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? dissipate ???????????? ?????????
  • Second-order system: ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? response ???????????? oscillate ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? steady state ?????? ????????? ?????????

???????????????????????? (Conclusion)

IoT sensors ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? real-time ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? devices ?????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? industries, homes, ?????? cities ????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????

???????????? - ???????????? IoT ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????, sensors ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????? efficient technologies ?????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????

?????????????????? :- ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? Sensors in IoT (Internet of Things) in Hindi (IoT ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????) ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? comment ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????

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